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Cyanobacteria are among the oldest organisms colonizing Earth. Their great biodiversity and ability to biosynthesize secondary metabolites through a variety of routes makes them attractive resources for biotechnological applications and drug discovery. In this pioneer study, four filamentous cyanobacteria (Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493, Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486, Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 and Leptothoe sp. LEGE 11479) were explored for their anti-inflammatory potential in cell and cell-free in vitro bioassays, involving different inflammatory mediators and enzymes. Extracts of different polarities were sequentially prepared and chemically characterized for their content of phycobiliproteins (PBPs) and carotenoids. HPLC-PDA analysis of the acetone extracts revealed ß-carotene to be the dominant carotenoid (18.4-44.3 mg/g) and zeaxanthin as the dominant xanthophyll (52.7-192.9 mg/g), with Leptothoe sp. LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104, respectively, being the richest strains. The PBP profile was in accordance with the color presented by the aqueous extracts, with Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 being the richest in phycocyanin (204.5 µg/mg) and Leptothoe sp. LEGE 11479 the richest in phycoerythrin (78.5 µg/mg). Aqueous extracts were more effective in superoxide anion radical scavenging, while acetone ones were more effective in scavenging nitric oxide radical (âNO) and in inhibiting lipoxygenase. Acetone extracts also reduced âNO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, with the mechanistic study suggesting a downregulation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 and Leptothoe sp. LEGE 11479 acetone extracts presented the lowest IC50 values for the mentioned assays, pointing them out as promising resources for the development of new multi-target anti-inflammatory therapies.
Asunto(s)
Acetona , Cianobacterias , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II , Antiinflamatorios , Carotenoides , Radicales LibresRESUMEN
Monitoring water supply requires, among other quality indicators, the identification of the cyanobacteria community and taking into account their potential impact in terms of water quality. In this work, cyanobacteria strains were isolated from the Cheffia Reservoir and identified based on morphological features, the 16S rRNA gene, phylogenetic analysis, and toxin production by polymerase chain reaction PCR screening of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of cyanotoxins (mcyA, mcyE, sxtA, sxtG, sxtI, cyrJ, and anaC). Thirteen strains representing six different genera: Aphanothece, Microcystis, Geitlerinema, Lyngbya, Microcoleus, and Pseudanabaena were obtained. The results demonstrated the importance of morphological features in determining the genus or the species when incongruence between the morphological and phylogenetic analysis occurs and only the utility of the 16S rRNA gene in determining higher taxonomic levels. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed the polyphyly of cyanobacteria for the Microcystis and Oscillatoriales genera. Unexpectedly, Aphanothece sp. CR 11 had the genetic potential to produce microcystins. Our study gives new insight into species with picoplanktonic (or small) cell size and potentially toxic genotypes in this ecosystem. Thus, conventional water treatment methods in this ecosystem have to be adapted, indicating the requirement for pre-treatment methods that can effectively eliminate picocyanobacteria while preserving cell integrity to prevent toxin release.
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Some of the species of the genus Bacopa have been used in Pharmacopoeia worldwide. However, in Mexico, Bacopa monnieri has neither been extensively cultivated nor studied, nor has their use in traditional medicine been reported. The aim of this work was to assess the taxonomic verification of the four wild populations of B. monnieri, the chemical content of their pigments and phenols and to provide an analysis of their potential bioactivity. B. monnieri wild populations from Mexico were validated using molecular markers. Chromatographic profiling using HPLC-PDA revealed 21 compounds comprising 12 chlorophylls and nine carotenoids; of the latter, the major ones were lutein (0.921 ± 0.031 µg/mg of dry extract) and ß-carotene (0.095 ± 0.003 µg/mg of dry extract). The total phenolic content, determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, ranged from 54.8 ± 5.8 to 70.3 ± 2.2 µg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mg. Plant extracts scavenged from the free radical DPPH in IC50 ranged from 130.6 ± 3.0 to 249.9 ± 12.1 µg dry extract/mL. In terms of the anti-inflammatory potential, the most effective extract was from a soil-based plant from Jalisco (BS), reduced from nitric oxide in a RAW 264.7 culture medium, with an IC50 value of 134 µg of dry extract/mL. The BS extract showed a significant neutral lipid-reducing activity in the zebrafish model, ranging from 3.13 µg/mL p < 0.05 to 100 µg/mL p < 0.0001. Overall, the extracts analyzed here for the first time seem promising for future use because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity potential.
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O teste de AVD-Glittre (TGlittre) foi elaborado e validado para mensuração da capacidade funcional durante realização de atividades de vida diária, em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), porém vem sendo utilizado em diversas outras populações. O objetivo do estudo foi averiguar a aplicabilidade através do TGlittre em uma amostra de indivíduos idosos eutróficos, com sobrepeso e obesidade. Trata-se de um estudo experimental e transversal, no qual foram avaliadas 21 idosas, alocadas por IMC, nos grupos eutrófico (n = 8), sobrepeso (n = 6) e obeso (n = 7). Foram avaliados entre os grupos a capacidade funcional (TGlittre e TC6min), qualidade de vida (QV) através do questionário World Health Organization Quality of Life Group Old (WHOQOL-OLD) e força de preensão manual (FPM). O TGlittre apresentou correlação com a idade dos participantes (p = 0,0040) e com o TC6min (p = 0,0086), entretanto não foi encontrada diferença estatística no tempo de execução do TGlittre e na distância percorrida no TC6min entre os grupos. O TGlittre não se correlacionou com a FPM (p = 0,1493) e com o WHOQOL-Old (p = 0,0905). Os dados obtidos no presente estudo corroboram para que o TGlittre seja utilizado como uma variável de medida funcional na população idosa. (AU)
The Glittre ADL-test (TGlittre) has been designed and validated to measure functional capacity during daily living activities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but is now used in several other situations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of TGlittre in a sample of overweight and obese eutrophic elderly. This was an experimental and cross-sectional study, which included 21 elderly women, allocated by BMI, in eutrophic (n = 8), overweight (n = 6) and obese (n = 7) groups. They were assessed for functional capacity (TGlittre and 6MWT), quality of life (QOL) with the questionnaire World Health Organization Quality of Life for Older People (WHOQOL-OLD) and handgrip strength (HGS). TGlittre correlated with age (p = 0.0040) and with 6MWT (p = 0.0086), but no statistical difference was found in TGlittre's performance time and the distance covered in 6MWT between groups. TGlittre did not correlate with HGS (p = 0.1493) and WHOQOL-Old (p = 0.0905). The data obtained in the present study corroborate that TGlittre is used as a functional measurement variable in the elderly population. (AU)
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Humanos , Femenino , Anciano , Tolerancia al Ejercicio , Sobrepeso , ObesidadRESUMEN
Introdução: A Insuficiência Cardíaca é uma patologia causada por várias desordens estruturais e funcionais que resultam na intolerância ao exercício, porém o treinamento aquático tem-se mostrado um importante método para a reabilitação de cardiopatas. Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento hemodinâmico agudo e crônico de pacientes cardiopatas submetidos a um protocolo de treinamento aquático. Material e métodos: A amostra foi constituída por seis indivíduos com diagnóstico de cardiopatia, com idade de 68,3 ± 8,9 anos. Foram levantados dados dos prontuários referentes a características da amostra, pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), frequência cardíaca (FC) e duplo produto (DP) pré e pós-sessão de treinamento aquático com frequência de duas vezes semanais, durante noventa dias. Resultados: Quanto ao efeito agudo, observou-se um aumento da FC no 2º (p=0,001) no 3º mês (p=0,033) e um aumento do DP no 2º mês (p=0,033) e no 3º mês (p=0,028) no pós-exercício em relação ao pré-exercício. Quanto ao efeito crônico, observou-se aumento na FC entre o segundo e o terceiro mês (p=0,044). Conclusão: O treinamento aquático foi capaz de aumentar aguda e cronicamente a FC e o DP em pacientes cardiopatas, sem alterações na pressão arterial.
Introduction: The cardiac insufficiency is a pathology caused by many structural and functional disorders which result in exercise intolerance. However, the aquatic training has been shown as an important method used in rehabilitation programs for cardiac patients. Objective: To evaluate the acute and chronic hemodynamic behavior of cardiac patients performing an aquatic training protocol. Methods: The six investigated individuals were 68.3 ± 8.9 years old, all of them with cardiopathy diagnostic. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the heart rate data, before and after exercise, were taken from medical records. The training sessions were conducted twice a week, during 90 days. Results: The acute effect of exercise increased the heart rate during the second (p=0.001) and the third (p=0.033) months, and also increased the double-product during the same periods (p=0.033 and p=0.028, respectively), comparing data before and after exercise. The chronic effect was observed by the increase of the heart rate in the third month compared to the second (p=0.044). Conclusion: The acute and chronic effect of the aquatic training increased the heart rate and the double-product of cardiac patients without blood pressure variations.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess, in vitro, the influence on cytotoxicity of heat treatment applied before photopolymerization, while mixing three self-adhesive resin cements, in an NIH/3T3 fibroblast cell culture, based on cell viability measures. METHODS: Samples were divided into three groups: (1) no heat treatment while mixing (control), (2) 37°C, and (3) 60°C heat treatment while mixing. Cements were light-cured immediately after mixing and immersed in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Media for the extraction of possibly uncured products after 24 h and 7 days. Cultures contained 0.5 mL of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts per well at a concentration of 0.4 × 105 cells/mL and specific extracts for each sample. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Data were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls (significance of 5%). RESULTS: Cement cytotoxicity increased with time, as shown by the higher values observed at 7 days. There was a slight difference in intragroup cytotoxicity levels between 24 h and 7 days. Heat treatment at 60°C was associated with a major decrease in cytotoxicity levels in all three groups, both at 24 h and at 7 days, with no differences among the cements. CONCLUSIONS: Heat treatment at 60°C should be considered as a strategy to reduce cytotoxicity of self-adhesive resin cements, as evidenced by the results observed at 24 h and 7 days of analysis.
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Brazil has an extensive and environmentally diverse coastline, which favors the occurrence of numerous cyanobacterial morpho- and ecotypes. Nevertheless, this coastline is still poorly studied and its diversity is underestimated. Considering the family Oscillatoriaceae, Lyngbya deserves special attention. It includes many clades which are phylogenetically non-related but morphologically similar. Such clades occur in marine and freshwater environments and are traditionally treated as a single genus. In the current study, we sampled both mediolittoral and estuarine zones along the Brazilian coast. Based on a polyphasic characterization, we described a new genus of marine filamentous cyanobacteria: Neolyngbya. It includes six new species sampled in Brazil, which are described in this study (N. maris-brasilis, N. granulosa, N. irregularis, N. nodulosa, N. arenicola and N. tenuis). Additionally, the characterization included a Neolyngbya sp. from Japan in the clade, but only based on molecular data. All species presented irregular arrangement of thylakoids as described for Oscillatoriaceae. The new genus shares morphological characteristics with species in different clades of the Lyngbya complex. The ultrastructural analyses of Neolyngbya, however, showed numerous gas vesicles, especially in the interthylakoid space; such feature is not observed in benthic Lyngbya species. Neolyngbya formed a well-supported clade (16S rRNA phylogeny), however distantly related to L. aestuarii and L. confervoides, both marine species clusters. The Limnoraphis clade is in a sister relationship to the Neolyngbya clade, however the former occurs in freshwater plankton. Secondary structures of 16S-23S rRNA ITS sequences were congruent with the phylogeny. The polyphasic characterization was helpful to clarify the diversity and ecological aspects of benthic filamentous cyanobacteria and the evolutionary history of the group. This favors a better understanding of inter and infrageneric taxa. The number of novel taxa described in this study emphasizes the importance of conducting additional floristic surveys, mainly in underexplored marine environments, to reveal the real cyanobacterial biodiversity in these areas.
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Cianobacterias/clasificación , Biodiversidad , Brasil , Cianobacterias/genética , Cianobacterias/ultraestructura , ADN Bacteriano/química , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Bacteriano/metabolismo , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/química , ARN Ribosómico 16S/clasificación , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Abstract Introduction: Hemiparesis is one of the main sequels of stroke. Evidence suggests that muscle strength exercises are important in rehabilitation programs for hemiparetic patients, but wide variation in previously studied protocols makes the most suitable choice difficult in clinical practice. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate strength training protocols for people with hemiparesis after stroke. Methods: A systematic review of literature was performed in the PubMed, PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Science) databases. Only controlled clinical studies that contained strength training protocols for hemiparesis after stroke were selected. Results: In total, 562 articles were found. Of them, 12 were accepted for the systematic review. Although strength training protocols are effective in hemiparetic patients, we did not found a standard method for strength training. Conclusion: This systematic revision highlights the lack of a standard protocol for strength training, considering the following training parameters: volume, intensity, frequency, series, and repetitions. Isotonic exercises are most commonly used.
Resumo Introdução: A hemiparesia é uma das principais sequelas do Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC). Evidências recentes sugerem que o treinamento de força (TF) é um método eficiente para ganho de força na população hemiparética, porém, a grande variação de parâmetros dentre os numerosos protocolos disponíveis tornam difícil a escolha do protocolo mais adequado a ser utilizado na prática clínica. Objetivo: Investigar e analisar os protocolos de treinamento de força (TF) para população hemiparética pós-AVC. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura, nos bancos de dados PubMed; PEDro (Physioterapyevidencedatabase); SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Library Online); LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e Caribe em Ciências da Saúde). Foram selecionados apenas estudos clínicos controlados que trouxessem protocolos de TF em paciente pós-AVC hemiparéticos. Resultados: 562 artigos foram encontrados destes, 12 foram incluídos na revisão sistemática. Apesar do TF ser efetivo para pacientes hemiparéticos, não se observa um protocolo padrão para aplicação dessa intervenção na população hemiparética pós AVC. Conclusão: essa revisão sistemática alerta para a falta de padronização dos protocolos em relação ao volume, intensidade, frequência, séries e repetições de treinamento. Os exercícios isotônicos são os mais utilizados.
Asunto(s)
Paresia , Protocolos Clínicos , Accidente Cerebrovascular , Pacientes , Rehabilitación , Fuerza Muscular , Entrenamiento de FuerzaRESUMEN
Nostoc is a common and well-studied genus of cyanobacteria and, according to molecular phylogeny, is a polyphyletic group. Therefore, revisions of this genus are urged in an attempt to clarify its taxonomy. Novel strains isolated from underexplored environments and assigned morphologically to the genus Nostoc are not genetically related to the 'true Nostoc' group. In this study, four strains isolated from biofilms collected in Antarctica and five strains originated from Brazilian mangroves were evaluated. Despite their morphological similarities to other morphotypes of Nostoc, these nine strains differed from other morphotypes in ecological, physiological and genetic aspects. Based on the phylogeny of the 16S rRNA gene, the Antarctic sequences were grouped together with the sequences of the Brazilian mangrove isolates and Nostoc sp. Mollenhauer 1 : 1-067 in a well-supported cluster (74 % bootstrap value, maximum-likelihood). This novel cluster was separated phylogenetically from the 'true Nostoc' clade and from the clades of the morphologically similar genera Mojavia and Desmonostoc. The 16S rRNA gene sequences generated in this study exhibited 96 % similarity to sequences from the nostocacean genera mentioned above. Physiologically, these nine strains showed the capacity to grow in a salinity range of 1-10 % NaCl, indicating their tolerance of saline conditions. These results provide support for the description of a new genus, named Halotia gen. nov., which is related morphologically to the genera Nostoc, Mojavia and Desmonostoc. Within this new genus, three novel species were recognized and described based on morphology and internal transcribed spacer secondary structures: Halotia branconii sp. nov., Halotia longispora sp. nov. and Halotia wernerae sp. nov., under the provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants.
